Background: Stress is a complex and interdisciplinary phenomenon defined as a dynamic relationship between an individual and their environment that is perceived as exceeding personal resources and threatening well-being. While commonly understood as a state of psychological tension caused by difficult life situations, stress also serves an adaptive function by mobilizing physiological and psychological resources. In moderate intensity it may enhance motivation and cognitive performance; however, prolonged exposure leads to dysregulation and adverse health outcomes. From a scientific perspective, stress operates at the intersection of psychology, biology, and social sciences, involving cognitive appraisal processes, neuroendocrine responses, and environmental influences.
Objectives: The objective of this narrative literature review is to present current interdisciplinary knowledge on stress, its underlying mechanisms, health consequences, and strategies for regulation. The review synthesizes contemporary theoretical models of stress, biological and psychological pathways of the stress response, and evidence on short- and long-term coping strategies.
Methodology: The methodology is based on a structured narrative review of peer-reviewed scientific literature from international databases, including empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and high-impact review articles published in recent years. The analysis integrates findings from psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral medicine to ensure a comprehensive conceptual perspective.
Key findings: The reviewed evidence demonstrates that chronic stress significantly affects cardiovascular, immune, metabolic, and nervous system functioning, and increases the risk of mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and burnout. Effective stress regulation relies on both immediate techniques, such as relaxation and breathing exercises, and long-term strategies including lifestyle modification, cognitive restructuring, and social support. Individual differences and environmental conditions play a critical role in shaping stress responses and coping effectiveness.
Conclusions: In conclusion, stress should be understood as a multidimensional process with both adaptive and maladaptive potential. Promoting evidence-based coping strategies and psychological resilience is essential for protecting health and improving quality of life at both individual and population levels.
Keywords: Stress; Chronic Stress; HPA Axis; Coping Strategies; Allostatic Load; Neuroendocrinology of Stress, Psychological Resilience; Interventions; Emotion Regulation
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